Issue |
Bull. Fr. Pêche Piscic.
Number 352, 1999
|
|
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Page(s) | 31 - 43 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae:1999019 | |
Published online | 01 August 2008 |
Passage de poissons du Rhône par les pompes d'irrigation de Camargue : premiers résultats
Passage of Rhône river fish through irrigation pumps in the Camargue : first results
Station Biologique de la Tour du Valat, Le Sambuc, 13200 Arles, France
Les pompes d'irrigation constituent la principale connexion aquatique entre l'île de Camargue et d'autres milieux d'eau douce. Nous avons suivi le passage de poissons dans 2 sites parmi les 15 stations de pompage du bassin du Fumemorte (68 km2) pendant toute la période rizicole, c'est-à-dire de fin avril à début octobre 1997. Les poissons peuvent survivre au passage par la pompe. En grande majorité, ce sont des individus de petites tailles (2-5 cm). Cependant, des individus de grandes tailles (jusqu'à 46 cm) sont passés vivants. On estime à 14 700 le nombre d'individus entrés en Camargue par la pompe du Sambuc, et à 98 000 pour l'ensemble du bassin du Fumemorte. Vingt-quatre espèces ont été capturées par pompage. Les espèces dominantes numériquement sont le gardon, l'anguille, le goujon et la brème bordelière. Ces résultats sont comparés aux données sur les peuplements d'autres milieux de Camargue, afin de discuter l'importance de l'immigration par pompage dans le fonctionnement des peuplements de poissons de Camargue. Ils suggèrent que (1) le pompage permet l'introduction d'espèces nouvelles en Camargue, (2) les populations de certaines espèces passant par les pompes ne sont maintenues en Camargue que par cette immigration (e.g., hotu, chevaine, barbeau), (3) les poissons utilisant les marais temporaires viennent davantage du réseau de drainage que du réseau d'irrigation (e.g., épinoche, gobie commun, athérine), et (4) certaines espèces pompées ont des populations abondantes en Camargue (e.g., anguille, Pseudorasbora parva, ablette, brèmes), pour celles-ci, l'importance de l'immigration par pompage dans le fonctionnement de leurs populations en Camargue reste difficile à évaluer.
Abstract
Irrigation pumps are the main aquatic connexions between the Isle of Camargue and any other freshwater system. Fish passage was monitored in 2 sites among the 15 pumping stations of the Fumemorte catchment (68 km2) during an entire rice cultivation period, from April to October 1997. Fish can survive the passage through the pumps. They were mainly small-sized (2-5 cm). However, large fish (up to 46 cm) can pass alive through the pumps. Estimation of fish quantity entering through the Sambuc pump was 14,700 individuals and 98,000 for the whole Fumemorte basin. Twenty four species were caught in our samples. Dominant species were roach, eel, gudgeon and white bream. The species composition of the pumped fish was compared with the fish assemblages of other habitats in the Camargue, in order to assess the significance of this immigration in the functioning of fish populations in the Fumemorte drainage basin. Pumped fish assemblage was characterized by the relative abundance of Rhone River species such as the nase, the chub, the barbel, the roach, the gudgeon and the shad. A sampling site in an irrigation canal located 10 km far from the pumping station was shown to bear a fish assemblage which was relatively close to the pumped one. Fish assemblage from another sampling site located in the Fumemorte drainage canal differed from those of the irrigation system by the relative rarity or absence of some Rhone River species such as the nase, the chub or the barbel, and the relative abundance of species of brackish waters which enter the drainage system by the Vaccarès lagoon, such as the three-spine stickleback, the common goby or the sand smelt. In a seasonally-flooded marsh connected occasionally both to the irrigation system and to the drainage system, the fish assemblage appeared to be a subset of the drainage canal assemblage, in which species such as the roach, the gudgeon and the pike-perch were lacking. These results suggest the following roles of immigration through pumping in the functioning of fish populations in the Camargue : (1) pumping allows exotic species to enter the Camargue waters, (2) some of the pumped fish species do not find suitable habitat conditions in the Camargue and their populations in the Camargue are only maintained by immigration, (3) fishes in seasonally-flooded marshes come more from the drainage system than from the irrigation one, and (4) for the pumped fish species having abundant populations in the Camargue, the importance of this immigration in the functioning of their populations in the Camargue remains difficult to assess.
© ONEMA, 1999
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