Table 3
Proposed conservation measures for spirlin populations. The green circles represent a suggestion of prioritization (
high, 
moderate, 
low).
| Guidelines for spirlin conservation |
 Restore high-quality aquatic environments by eliminating all sources of inorganic and organic chemical pollution. |
 Ensure the availability and quality of key habitats for reproduction, nursery, and year-round residency. |
 Maintain the availability and stability of suitable spawning substrates (e.g., gravel, cobble) at least throughout the incubation period. |
 Prohibit hydraulic engineering activities that result in abrupt fluctuations in flow, water level, temperature, or turbidity, and that degrade critical habitats (e.g., spawning grounds, nurseries, and residences). |
 Avoid the reduction in large areas of potential habitat caused by the canalization of watercourses(incompatible with the microhabitats of juveniles), dredging and cleaning (destruction of gravellyand stony beds essential for reproduction), abstraction of water leading to a permanent reduction inwater height, water intakes from hydroelectric power stations, causing a sudden variation in flow(hydropeaking), and direct discharge for cooling water. |
 Ensure longitudinal connectivity throughout the entire life cycle (e.g., between mainstem rivers, tributaries, and floodplains) by equipping migration barriers with functional fish passes, bypass channels, or other appropriate devices, enabling the upstream migration of spirlin and the continued recolonization of upstream sectors. |
 Limit development work (cleaning, reprofiling, channelling, and backfilling of banks) as muchas possible to ensure the availability and stability of gravelly and stony substrates, at least throughout the breeding season. |
 Schedule necessary in-river works outside of the reproductive period to minimize disturbance. |
 Restore and protect all potential spawning grounds and nursery habitats. |
 Maintain habitat heterogeneity (riffles, pools, meanders, riparian vegetation) and diverse flow conditions to support different life stages. |
 Prevent the introduction and spread of invasive species; prioritize stocking with native salmonids when restocking is required. |
 Explore the individual sensitivity to artificial and natural temperature changes. |
 Raising awareness through local communities education on spirlin’s ecological role and sustainable freshwater use (e.g., informative boards, training for rural tourism stakeholders, and outreach materials). |
 Involve local communities in monitoring and conservation activities via citizen science and participatory management approaches. |
 Conduct regular environmental assessments using spirlin as an “early warning” indicator of ecosystem degradation, to inform climate-adaptive river management strategies. |
 Integrate socio-economic benefits into conservation planning by aligning river habitat protection with sustainable tourism, eco-labelling, and incentives for environmentally responsible practices. |
 Encourage research on non-commercial species like spirlin to enhance ecological knowledge and data availability, especially by supporting early-career scientists and promoting the ecological importance of such taxa. |
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