Fig. 3

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Sample analysis workflow for assessing a complex array of contaminants potentially issued from FPV systems. The workflow starts with sample collection and preparation. The samples can then be analyzed based on a combination of analytical techniques, ranging from, but not limited to, pyrolysis-GC-MS and ICP-MS for identification of plastics, additives, and metals, to HRMS-based techniques for organic compounds. HRMS encompasses different approaches, including target analysis, suspect screening, and non-target analysis. Common layout of these analytical strategies usually consists of a first chromatographic separation to reduce matrix complexity, followed by an ionization step that allows to charge and transfer the analytes to the mass spectrometer. Different complementary ionization methods exist, differing in their working principle, allowing to cover a large range compound polarity. The generated ions, resolved by retention time, can optionally be separated based on their size and shape using ion mobility. The compound identification is then based on fragmentation and mass detection of the precursor ion (*) and its corresponding fragments. The data treatment steps involve different levels of data processing to monitor and/or identify the chemicals, the reporting, and the storage of the data for eventual retrospective analysis.

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