Opinion Paper

Addressing chemical contamination from floating photovoltaic systems: the need for comprehensive analytical monitoring

GOAL − Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium

^* Corresponding author: aline.reisdecarvalho@vito.be

Received: 14 September 2024
Accepted: 16 May 2025

Abstract

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems are gaining attention as an innovative solution for renewable energy generation. Their implementation offers significant advantages, such as efficient land use and enhanced solar panel performance due to cooling effects from the water. However, potential chemical contamination from FPV systems requires careful investigation. Metals like lead, silver, and chromium, may be released from photovoltaic structures. The backsheet and coating materials, composed of (fluoro)polymers, might introduce per- or polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) into the water. Additionally, plastic floats can degrade over time, releasing smaller plastic particles and polymer additives such as UV stabilizers and antioxidants into the water. The long-term environmental impact of FPV system materials, including the transformation products that may emerge over their prolonged lifespan, remains underexplored. Given the potential diversity of contaminants that can be introduced into the water, comprehensive analytical strategies are needed to assess their presence and behavior. Non-target analysis, which enables compound identification without prior knowledge, and target approaches play a crucial role in detecting emerging and known contaminants besides tracking their evolution over time. These analytical strategies support environmental policy and early warning systems in planning appropriate mitigation measures. This article highlights the need for extensive research into the environmental impacts of FPV systems, emphasizing the importance of detecting contaminants emerging from their deployment and weathering. Addressing these concerns ensures that the benefits of renewable energy technologies align with aquatic ecosystems protection and water quality, ultimately supporting sustainable development.