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Table 4
Marginal effects of environmental variables (λ1) including covariables, significance (p-value) and group specific relative importance of each environmental variable (relative λ1) for the littoral benthic invertebrate assemblage composition.
| Environmental variable | Variable group | λ1 (explained %) | Relative λ1 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean depth | Landscape characteristics | 16.2 | 1.0 | 0.001 |
| Lake size | Landscape characteristics | 12.9 | 0.8 | 0.001 |
| Altitude | Landscape characteristics | 12.4 | 0.8 | 0.001 |
| Retention time | Landscape characteristics | 9.2 | 0.6 | 0.001 |
| Catchment size | Landscape characteristics | 8.6 | 0.5 | 0.001 |
| Intensive agriculture | Land use | 17.5 | 1.0 | 0.001 |
| Extensive agriculture | Land use | 11.8 | 0.7 | 0.001 |
| Urbanization | Land use | 10.2 | 0.6 | 0.002 |
| Plantations | Land use | 7.7 | 0.4 | 0.003 |
| Total phosphorous | Eutrophication | 15.4 | 1.0 | 0.001 |
| Nitrate | Eutrophication | 9.5 | 0.6 | 0.001 |
| Ammonium | Eutrophication | 9.1 | 0.6 | 0.002 |
| Total nitrogen | Eutrophication | 7.8 | 0.5 | 0.003 |
| Orthophosphate | Eutrophication | 7.5 | 0.5 | 0.005 |
| Omnivorous | Fish stocking | 10.3 | 1.0 | 0.002 |
| Herbi- and planktivorous | Fish stocking | 6.8 | 0.7 | 0.008 |
| Invertivorous | Fish stocking | 5.7 | 0.6 | 0.055 |
| Number of fish species | Fish stocking | 5.2 | 0.5 | 0.054 |
| Piscivorous | Fish stocking | 4.8 | 0.5 | 0.097 |
| Invertivorous–Piscivorous | 2.4 | 0.2 | 0.829 | |
| Littoral zone | Hydromorphological alteration | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.001 |
| Lakeshore modification index | Hydromorphological alteration | 1.9 | 0.8 | 0.001 |
| Lithal | Hydromorphological alteration | 1.9 | 0.8 | 0.002 |
| Riparian zone | Hydromorphological alteration | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.001 |
| Xylal | Hydromorphological alteration | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.005 |
| Lakeshore zone | Hydromorphological alteration | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.004 |
| Fine substrate | Hydromorphological alteration | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.025 |
| Phytal | Hydromorphological alteration | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.020 |
| Argyllal | Hydromorphological alteration | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.060 |
| Particulate organic matter | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.198 |
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