Table 2
List of non-native and translocated fish species, date of the first record, origin, donor areas, pathways of introduction, introduction purpose, and establishment status in Armenian, Georgian, and Azerbaijani freshwaters.
| Species | ARM | AZR | W. GEO | E. GEO | Origin | Donor area | Pathway of introduction | Introduction purpose | Establish-ment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anguillidae | |||||||||
| Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)+ | 2015 | 1964 | Atlantic Ocean, Black Sea | Intra-regional | Unknown | Accidental | no | ||
| Cichlidae | |||||||||
| Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)+ | 2019 | Sub-Saharan Africa | unknown | A | Intentional | no | |||
| Coregonidae | |||||||||
| Coregonus albula (Linnaeus 1758) | 1930s | Europe, Russia | Russia | A | Intentional | yes | |||
| Coregonus sp. | 1920s | 1930s | Chudskoe Lake, Russia |
Russia | A | Intentional | yes | ||
| Cyprinidae | |||||||||
| Carassius gibelio (Bloch 1782)# | 1960s | 1980s | 1980s | 1980s | Central Europe to Siberia | Ukraine; Russia | A | Accidental | yes |
| Gasterosteidae | |||||||||
| Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus 1758* | 1984 | Black Sea | Intra-regional | SS | Independent invader | yes | |||
| Gobionidae | |||||||||
| Gobio artvinicus Turan, Japoshvili, Aksu and Bektaş 2016* | x | x | x | Black Sea basin, the lower Choruh River | Intra-regional | A | Accidental | yes | |
| Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck and Schlegel 1846)# | 1960s | x | 1960s | 1960s | Asia: Amur to Zhujiang drainages | China; intra-regional | A | Accidental or Independent invader | yes |
| Ictaluridae | |||||||||
| Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque, 1818+ | 1980s | North America | Russia | A | Intentional | no | |||
| Mugilidae | |||||||||
| Chelon auratus (Risso 1810)* | 1930 | Black Sea | Intra-regional | A | Intentional | yes | |||
| Chelon saliens (Risso 1810)* | 1930 | Black Sea | Intra-regional | A | Intentional | yes | |||
| Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758+ | 1930s | Black Sea | Intra-regional | A | Intentional | no | |||
| Oxudercidae | |||||||||
| Rhinogobius lindbergi Berg 1933 | 2010s | 2010s | Asia: Amur River basin | Unknown | A | Accidental or Independent invader | yes | ||
| Percidae | |||||||||
| Gymnocephalus cernua (Linnaeus, 1758) | 2010s | Northern Black And Azov Sea basins | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | yes | |||
| Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus 1758* | x | 1950s | Black Sea | Intra-regional | R | Intentional or accidental | yes | ||
| Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus 1758)* | 2000s | Black Sea | unknown | A | Intentional | no | |||
| Poeciliidae | |||||||||
| Gambusia holbrooki Girard 1859# | 1934 | 1934 | 1925 | 1940 | North America | Italy; intra-regional, Kazakhstan | BC | Intentional | yes |
| Salmonidae | |||||||||
| Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum, 1792)+ | 1970s | North Pacific | Russia | A | Intentional | no | |||
| Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) | 1960s | 1970 | 1930s | 1940s | North America | Russia; intra-regional; Latvia | A, R | Intentional | no |
| Salmo gegarkuni Kessler 1877* | 1970s | 1930s | Armenia | Intra-regional | A, R | Intentional | yes | ||
| Salmo trutta Linnaeus 1758 | 2000s | 1926 | Europe and Asia | Russia | A, R | Intentional | no | ||
| Syngnathidae | |||||||||
| Syngnathus abaster Risso 1827* | 1980s | Black Sea | Intra-regional | R | Intentional | yes | |||
| Xenocyprididae | |||||||||
| Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes 1844) | 1960s | 1960s | 1960s | 1960s | Asia: China to eastern Siberia | China | A | Intentional | no |
| Hemiculter leucisculus (Basilewsky 1855) | 2010s | 2012 | Asia | unknown | A | Accidental or Independent invader | yes | ||
| Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes 1844) | 1960s | 1960s | 1960s | 1960s | Asia: China to eastern Siberia | China | A | Intentional | no |
| Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Richardson 1845) | 1960s | 1960s | 1960s | 1960s | Asia: China to eastern Siberia | China | A | Intentional | no |
| Mylopharyngodon piceus (Richardson 1846)+ | 1990s | Asia | Russia | A | Intentional | no | |||
| Total number of species | 16 | 17 | 8 | 16 |
Abbreviations are as follows: +, species that were spotted but do not exist in wild currently; *, translocated species; #, invasive species; ARM, Armenia; AZR, Azerbaijan, W.GEO, west Georgia; E.GEO, east Georgia; x, introduction time unknown; SS, self-spread; A, aquaculture; R, recreation; BC, biological control.
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