Table 2
Some examples of unusual reproduction strategies in freshwater vertebrates and invertebrates.
| Family | Species | Reproduction strategy | References | |
| Cyprinidae | Rutilus rutilus | Intersexuality | Jobling et al., 1998 | |
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| Vertebrate | Gasterosteidae | Gasterosteus aculeatus | Intersexuality | Borg and Van den Hurk, 1983 |
|
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| Acipenseridae | Scaphirhynchus platorynchus | Intersexuality | Harshbarger et al., 2000 | |
|
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| Invertebrate | Margelopsidae | Margelopsis haeckeli | Parthenogenetic | Werner, 1955 |
|
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| Alcyoniidae | Alcyonium hiberniculum | Parthenogenetic | Hartnoll, 1977 | |
|
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| Lasaeidae | Lasaea australis | Hermaphrodite | O’Foighil, 1988 | |
|
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| Thiaridae | Aylacostoma sp., Melanoides sp., | Parthenogenetic | Morrison, 1954 | |
| Pachychilidae | Tarebia sp., Thiara sp., and Sulcospira sp. | |||
|
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| Paludomidae | Bathanalia sp., Tanganyicia sp. | Parthenogenetic | Moore, 1898 | |
| and Tiphobia sp. | ||||
|
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| Tateidae | Potamopyrgus sp. | Parthenogenetic | Winterbourn, 1970 | |
|
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| Hydrobiidae | Potamopyrgus antipodarum | Parthenogenetic | Jokela et al., 1997 | |
|
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| Viviparidae | Campeloma decisum | Parthenogenetic | Johnson, 1992 | |
|
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| Sphaeromatidae | Gnorimosphaeroma naktongense | Protogynous hermaphroditism | Abe and Fukuhara, 1996 | |
|
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| Sphaeromatidae | Gnorimosphaeroma oregonense | Protandry hermaphroditism | Brook et al., 1994 | |
|
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| Cyprididae | Cyprinotus incongruens | Unisexual | Turgeon and Hebert, 1994 | |
|
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| Daphniidae | Daphnia pulex | Parthenogenetic | Hebert et al., 1983 | |
|
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| Littorinidae | Littorina littorea | Intersex | Schulte-Oehlmann et al., 1998 | |
|
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| Artemiidae | Artemia salina | Parthenogenetic | Browne, 1992; | |
| and A. parthenogenetica | Golubev et al., 2001 | |||
|
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| Atyidae | Paratya curvirostris | Protandry hermaphroditism | Carpenter et al., 1978 | |
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